Muhammad Ali Becomes World Heavyweight Champion

Muhammad Ali Becomes World Heavyweight Champion On February 25, 1964, underdog Cassius Clay, better known as  Muhammad Ali, fought defending champion Charles Sonny Liston for the world heavyweight title in Miami Beach, Florida. Although it was nearly unanimously believed that Clay would be knocked out by round two if not earlier, it was Liston who lost the fight after refusing at the beginning of round seven to continue fighting.  This fight was one of the largest upsets in sports history, setting Cassius Clay on a long path of fame and controversy. Who Was Muhammad Ali? Cassius Clay, renamed Muhammad Ali right after this historic fight, had started boxing at the age of 12 and by 18 had won the light-heavyweight gold medal at the 1960 Olympic Games.   Clay trained long and hard to be the best at boxing, but many at the time thought his fast feet and hands didnt have enough power in them to beat a true heavyweight champion like Liston.   Plus, the 22-year-old Clay, a decade younger than Liston, seemed a bit crazy. Clay, known as the Louisville Lip, was constantly boasting that he would knock out Liston and calling him the big, ugly bear, riling up both Liston and the press into a frenzy over his wild taunts. While Clay used these tactics to unsteady his opponents and to garner publicity for himself, others thought it was a sign that he was afraid or just plain crazy. Who Was Sonny Liston? Sonny Liston, known as the Bear for his giant size, had been the world heavyweight champion since 1962. He was rough, tough, and hit really, really hard. Having been arrested more than 20 times, Liston learned to box while in prison, becoming a professional boxer in 1953. Listons criminal background played a big role in his unlikable public personae, but his hard-hitting style earned him enough wins via knockout that he was not to be ignored.   For most folks in 1964, it seemed a no brainer that Liston, who had just knocked out the last serious contender for the title in the first round, would pummel this young, loud-mouthed challenger. People were betting 1 to 8 on the match, favoring Liston. The World Heavyweight Fight At the start of the fight on February 25, 1964, at the Miami Beach Convention Center, Liston was overconfident. Although nursing an injured shoulder, he expected an early knockout like his last three big fights and so had not spent much time training. Cassius Clay, on the other hand, had trained hard and was thoroughly ready. Clay was faster than most other boxers and his plan was to dance around the powerful Liston until Liston tired out. Alis plan worked. Liston, weighing in at the slightly heavy 218 pounds, was surprisingly dwarfed by the 210 1/2-pound Clay. When the bout began, Clay bounced, danced, and bobbed frequently, confusing Liston and making a very difficult target. Liston tried to get a solid punch in, but round one ended without much actual hitting. Round two ended with a cut under Listons eye and Clay not only still standing, but holding his own.  Round three and four saw both men looking tired but determined. At the end of the fourth round, Clay complained that his eyes were hurting. Wiping them with a wet rag helped a little, but Clay basically spent the entire fifth round trying to evade the blurry Liston. Liston tried to use this to his advantage and went on the attack, but the lithe Clay surprisingly managed to stay up the whole round. By the sixth round, Liston was exhausted and Clays eyesight was returning. Clay was a dominant force in the sixth round, getting in several good combinations. When the bell rang for the start of the seventh round, Liston stayed seated. He had hurt his shoulder and was worried about the cut under his eye. He just didnt want to continue the fight. It was a real shock that Liston ended the fight while still seated in the corner. Excited, Clay did a little dance, now called the Ali shuffle, in the middle of the ring. Cassius Clay was declared the winner and became the heavyweight boxing champion of the world.

A History of Dentistry and Dental Care

A History of Dentistry and Dental Care By definition, dentistry is a branch of medicine that involves diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of any disease concern about teeth, oral cavity, and associated structures. Who Invented the Toothbrush? Natural bristle brushes were invented by the ancient Chinese who made toothbrushes with bristles from the necks of cold climate pigs. French dentists were the first Europeans to promote the use of toothbrushes in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. William Addis of Clerkenwald, England, created the first mass-produced toothbrush. The first American to patent a toothbrush was H. N. Wadsworth and many American Companies began to mass-produce toothbrushes after 1885. The Pro-phy-lac-tic brush made by the Florence Manufacturing Company of Massachusetts is one example of an early American made toothbrush. The Florence Manufacturing Company was also the first to sell toothbrushes packaged in boxes. In 1938, DuPont manufactured the first nylon bristle toothbrushes. Its hard to believe, but most Americans did not brush their teeth until Army soldiers brought their enforced habits of tooth brushing back home after  World War II. The first real electric toothbrush was produced in 1939 and developed in Switzerland. In 1960, Squibb marketed the first American electrical toothbrush in the United States called the Broxodent. General Electric introduced a rechargeable cordless toothbrush in 1961. Introduced in 1987, Interplak was the first rotary action electrical toothbrush for home use. History of Toothpaste Toothpaste was used as long ago as 500 BC in both China and India; however, modern toothpaste was developed in the 1800s. In 1824, a dentist named Peabody was the first person to add soap to toothpaste. John Harris first added chalk as an ingredient to toothpaste in the 1850s. In 1873, Colgate mass-produced the first toothpaste in a jar. In 1892, Dr. Washington Sheffield of Connecticut manufactured toothpaste into a collapsible tube. Sheffields toothpaste was called Dr. Sheffields Creme Dentifrice. In 1896, Colgate Dental Cream was packaged in collapsible tubes imitating Sheffield. Advancements in synthetic detergents made after WWII allowed for the replacement of the soap used in toothpaste with emulsifying agents such as Sodium Lauryl Sulphate and Sodium Ricinoleate. A few years later, Colgate started to add fluoride to toothpaste. Dental Floss: An Ancient Invention Dental floss is an ancient invention. Researchers have found dental floss and toothpick grooves in the teeth of prehistoric humans. Levi Spear Parmly (1790-1859), a New Orleans dentist is credited as being the inventor of modern dental floss (or maybe the term re-inventor would be more accurate). Parmly promoted teeth flossing with a piece of silk thread in 1815. In 1882, the Codman and Shurtleft Company of Randolph, Massachusetts started to mass-produce unwaxed silk floss for commercial home use. The Johnson and Johnson Company of New Brunswick, New Jersey were the first to patent dental floss in 1898. Dr. Charles C. Bass developed nylon floss as a replacement for silk floss during WWII. Dr. Bass was also responsible for making teeth flossing an important part of dental hygiene. In 1872, Silas Noble and J. P. Cooley patented the first toothpick-manufacturing machine. Dental Fillings and False Teeth Cavities are holes in our teeth created by the wear, tear, and decay of tooth enamel. Dental cavities have been repaired or filled with a variety of materials including stone chips, turpentine resin, gum, and metals. Arculanus (Giovanni d Arcoli) was the first person to recommend gold-leaf fillings in 1848. False teeth date back as far as 700 BC. The Etruscans designed false teeth out of ivory and bone that were secured to the mouth by gold bridgework. The Debate about Mercury French dentists were the first to mix mercury with various other metals and plug the mixture into cavities in teeth. The first mixtures, developed in the early 1800s, had relatively little mercury in them and had to be heated to get the metals to bind. In 1819, a man named Bell in England developed an amalgam mix with much more mercury in it that bound the metals at room temperature. Taveau in France developed a similar mixture in 1826. In the Dentists Chair In 1848, Waldo Hanchett patented the dental chair. On January 26, 1875, George Green patented the first electric dental drill. Novocain: There is historical evidence that the ancient Chinese  used acupuncture  around 2700 BC to treat the pain associated with tooth decay. The first local anesthetic used in dentistry was cocaine, introduced as an anesthetic by Carl Koller (1857-1944) in 1884. Researchers soon began working on a non-addictive substitute for Cocaine, and as a result of German chemist, Alfred Einkorn introduced Novocain in 1905. Alfred Einkorn was researching an easy-to-use and safe local anesthesia to use on soldiers during wartime. He refined the chemical procaine until it was more effective, and named the new product Novocain. Novocain never became popular for military use; however, it did become popular as an  anesthetic among dentists. In 1846, Dr. William Morton, a Massachusetts dentist, was the first dentist to use anesthesia  for tooth extraction.​ Orthodontics: Although teeth straightening and extraction to improve the alignment of remaining teeth has been practiced since early times, orthodontics as a science of its own did not really exist until the 1880s. The history of dental braces or the science of orthodontics is very complex. Many different inventors helped to create braces, as we know them today. In 1728, Pierre Fauchard published a book called the The Surgeon Dentist with an entire chapter on ways to straighten teeth. In 1957, the French dentist Bourdet wrote a book called The Dentists Art. It also had a chapter on tooth alignment and using appliances in the mouth. These books were the first important references to the new dental science of orthodontics. Historians claim that two different men deserve the title of being called The Father of Orthodontics. One man was Norman W. Kingsley, a dentist, writer, artist, and sculptor, who wrote his Treatise on Oral Deformities in 1880. What Kingsley wrote influenced the new dental science greatly. The second man who deserves credit was a dentist named J. N. Farrar who wrote two volumes entitled A Treatise on the Irregularities of the Teeth and Their Corrections. Farrar was very good at designing brace appliances, and he was the first to suggest the use of mild force at timed intervals to move teeth. Edward H. Angle (1855-1930) devised the first simple classification system for malocclusions, which is still in use today. His classification system was a way for dentists to describe how crooked teeth are, what way teeth are pointing, and how teeth fit together. In 1901, Angle started the first school of orthodontics. In 1864, Dr. S.C. Barnum of New York invented the rubber dam. Eugene Solomon Talbots (1847-1924) was the first person to use X-rays for orthodontic diagnosis, and Calvin S. Case was the first person to use rubber elastics with braces. Invisalign Braces: They were invented by Zia Chishti, are transparent, removable, and moldable braces. Instead of one pair of braces that are constantly adjusted, a series of braces are worn in succession each created by a computer. Unlike regular braces, Invisalign can be removed for teeth cleaning. Zia Chishti, along with his business partner Kelsey Wirth, founded Align Technology in 1997 to develop and manufacture the braces. Invisalign braces were first made available to the public in May of 2000. The Future of Dentistry   The Future of Dentistry report was developed by a large group of experts in the dental profession. The report is intended to be a practical guide for the professions next generation. In an ABC News interview, Dr. Timothy Rose discussed: replacements for dental drills in development at the present time that use a very accurate spray of silica sand to actually cut and prepare teeth for filling and stimulating the jaws bone structure to spur new tooth growth. Nanotechnology: The newest thing in the industry is nanotechnology. The speed at which advances are being made in science has catapulted nanotechnology from its theoretical foundations straight into the real world. Dentistry also is facing a major revolution in the wake of this technology having already been targeted with novel nano-materials.

With the increasing pressure following the recession, is CEO pay a Dissertation

With the increasing pressure following the recession, is CEO pay a justifiable way of rewarding CEO's A contrast between the UK - Dissertation Example Thus, with the aim to evaluate the difference in the CEO compensation structure in the US and the UK, three objectives were set. Data was gathered through previous academic papers and studies. The theories on CEO pay are disjointed and competing against each other. At the same time, the study also reveals that there is no consensus on what should be taken as fair pay. As the business environment changed, the macro-economic factors influenced CEO pay. Incentives were needed to attract and retain talent; it was also necessary to be comparable with the peer group. All these led to excessive CEO pay which suggests weak corporate governance structure and lack of management control. Firms could find loopholes even in regulations and codes of conduct. Statistics also reveal wide disparities in CEO pay and the workers’ pay. There is no consensus on the benefits of linking performance to pay and it has been used to suit individual conveniences. A comparison of the practices in the US a nd UK reveal certain differences. More of rent extraction practices can be found among the US firms where shareholders and investors have little knowledge of the firm’s operations. However, in the UK the shareholders are involved in ‘say to pay’ and the decisions are collaborative. ... ories on CEO compensation 5 2.4 CEO Pay history and current trends 7 2.5 Market Forces or Drivers of CEO compensation 9 2.6 Debates on the upward trend in CEO pay 11 2.7 CEO equity-based grants and firm performance 14 Chapter III Methodology 3.1 Chapter Overview 16 3.2 Research Phenomenon 16 3.3 Research Design 16 3.4 Research Methodology 16 3.5 Data Collection 17 3.6 Sources of Data 17 3.7 Data Analysis 18 3.8 Ethical Concerns 18 Chapter IV Findings and Discussions 4.1 Chapter Overview 19 4.2 Agency Theory versus Rent Extraction 19 4.3 Forms of Compensation 19 4.4 Say on Pay 22 4.5 Pay for Performance 23 4.6 Pay Disclosure 24 Chapter V Conclusion and Recommendations 5.1 Conclusion 27 5.2 Recommendation for improving CEO pay 28 5.3 Limitations 29 5.4 Areas for further research 30 References 31 Appendices 34 Chapter I Introduction 1.1 Background Executive pay or chief executive officer (CEO) has come under heavy scrutiny particularly following economic recession and financial turbulen ce. Demand for restricting or regulating CEO pay or the issue of â€Å"fat cats† (Lin, Kuo and Wang, 2013) comes in times of economic crisis (Dittman, Maug and Zhang, 2011). Blinder (2009) refers to the incentives built into the compensation plans of many financial firms as â€Å"perverse† and attributes the financial crises to these â€Å"perverse† incentives (cited in Lin, Kuo and Wang, 2012). CEO pay has received enormous attention not just from the academics but also from the press (Gao, Harford, and Li, 2012). Every other day media reports of the excessively generous pay packages although there are diverse opinions over the pay packages granted to the executives. These arguments suggest that there is little correlation between economic conditions and executive pay. The CEO pay was subject

How Symbolism art influenced on Debussy's music Essay

How Symbolism art influenced on Debussy's music - Essay Example Having had a number of romantic affairs which caused turbulence in his life reflected upon his creations and further dissatisfactions with original style led Debussy to adapt ‘symbolism’ or that which pertains to transitional period between late-Romantic and modernist music of the 20th century. Apparently, symbolism is not only confined to the definition of musical style, rather a movement which brought immense inspiration for Debussy to modify his compositions according to a ‘symbolist’ principle. In effect, symbolism became a culture that emerged for him to have profound involvement with and his choices of ‘libretti’ texts and themes had been derived almost exclusively from the symbolist canon. Among the distinguished artists of the period who bore ample aesthetic impact on Debussy’s masterpieces were Edgar Allan Poe, Stephane Mallarme, and James McNeill Whistler. Through them, Debussy managed to effectively utilized dissonant harmonies to evoke specific moods and images such as in the manner he composed the world-renowned ‘Prelude a l'apres-midi d'un faune’ which was chiefly inspired by Mallarme’s poem ‘Afternoon of a Faun’.

Cirque Du Soleil Assignment Essay Example for Free

Cirque Du Soleil Assignment Essay 1. What are Cirque’s product and strategy? The cirque product is a circ show without animals, the main features of this show are: clowns, acrobats and gymnasts. The difference between Cirque du soleil and other circs is that the first one tries to make the show unforgettable by adding music specially composed for each show and also an elaborated â€Å"attrezzo† (lights and scenario). The Strategy that Cirque used is a blue ocean strategy, this strategy consist in creating a new industry from an existing one, so they reinvented the circus so we can say that they create a new industry. 2. How has Cirque structured and supported its casts to deliver superior performance? The Cirque tried to support each member of the cast when talking about habits and culture of each member. They tried to make it easier to each member to be in the road in every tour. Also, the management tries to give what artist asks, for example in the case there is a clown that explains that the clown section wanted a specific professor and the cirque hired him to teach the section of the clowns. With children they try to be as careful as possible, and they try to make a good environment to them. 3. What is the role of marketing? Since the Cirque du soleil is defined as a â€Å"luxury good†, definition that the same company states, the marketing role here is to sustain this category. What marketing has to do is to follow the same strategy that has followed in the entire Cirque’s history, promote the Cirque as a unique and astonishing show and make customers show fans. The marketing strategy objective should be that each customer that goes to see a Cirque du Soleil show return to the next show every three years, even if the ticket is expensive. 4. Regarding innovation and creativity, what are the important ideas that emerge from this case? Name them and develop them. We can say that Cirque du Soleil has been innovative and that its creativity has no limits, since every new show is different than the one before. Each customer can go several times in his or her life to see Cirque’s shows and it will find different things in every new one. So we can say that Cirque du soleil has creativity and innovation. 5. What are the challenges to Cirque’s continued growth and/or diversification? The challenges are to diversify in other types of products, also that the industry is turning more a business than an artistic industry and the owners do not want this to happen. Another challenge is that competition in this market is growing, and this means that Cirque du Soleil needs to be more creative than ever in order to maintain its customers.

Hamlets Procrastination And Co Essay -- essays research papers

Hamlet’s Procrastination and Cowardice  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In William Shakespeare’s play Hamlet, Hamlet is a loyal prince who vows to avenge his father’s murder. When Hamlet discovers the painful truth about his father’s death, he is left with feelings of hatred and resentment in his heart towards the murderer, Claudius. Although Hamlet is a very noble and sophisticated man, he struggles with the issue of avenging his father’s death. He swears his revenge will be quick, however, this is not the case. Since Hamlet is more into philosophizing than action, he thinks about his intention to kill Claudius. The more he thinks about his intention, the less he is able to execute it. The tragic flaw that Hamlet possesses is his inability to act. He vows that he is going to kill Claudius but backs out of it several times before the deed is actually done. Hamlet’s first sign of procrastination and lack of action begins to show through his character at the very beginning of the play. The ghost informs him about Claudius’ evil doings. Hamlet is prompt by replying: “Haste me to know’t; that I, with wings as swift As meditation or the thoughts of love, May sweep to my revenge.'; (Shakespeare, p. 67) This passage shows how Hamlet decides to avenge his father’s death. In fact, he declares that he will be committed to nothing else but the revenge against Claudius:   Ã‚  Ã‚  &nb...

An Analysis of Police Reforms

1 COMPARATIVE JURISPRUDENCE PROJECT TOPIC:An analysis of police reforms, in light of Aristotle’s theory of justice SUBMITTED TO: PROF. AMITA DHANDA SUBMITTED BY: DEEPINDER BAL ROLL NO. – 11 LL. M I YEAR EMAIL- deepinder. [email  protected] ac. in 1 Abstract In 1996, two former Director Generals of Police requested the Supreme Court to direct the central and the state governments to adopt a set of measures to address the most glaring gaps and bad practices in the functioning of the police. 2Given the gravity of the problem and the total uncertainty as to when police reforms would be introduced, the Supreme Court, on 22nd September, 2006, delivered a historic judgment where it considered that it could not further wait for governments to take suitable steps for police reforms and issued 7 directives for immediate compliance which were binding upon central and state governments, until they frame appropriate legislations. The researcher would like to relate the topic with Aristotle's theory.Aristotle's vision of a good civil society and the teleological theory can be related to the purpose of introduction of the police reforms viz. the judgment and the purpose of the implementation of the judgment. 2 Topic- An analysis of police reforms (In light of the judgment, Prakash Singh & others v. Union of India and others on 22, Sept, 2006) 3 The Government of India appointed a National Police Commission in 1977 to examine the role and performance of the Indian police as a law-enforcing agency and as an institution to protect the rights of the citizens enshrined in the Constitution.The Commission submitted 8 reports in a span of 2 years, wherein it made various recommendations so as to redefine the role, duties, powers and responsibilities of the police. With the 8th report, it drafted a new Police Act incorporating certain essential recommendations, which were never implemented. In 1996, a petition was filed by 2 former Director Generals of Police, praying for the issue of directions to the Government of India to frame a new Police Act drafted by the Commission to ensure that the police is made accountable essentially and primarily to the law of the land and the people.As a part of my project research, I would like to examine the need of police reforms in India, the implications and implementation of the 2006 judgment of the Supreme Court (in response to the petition of 1996), in relation to the Aristotle’s theory of justice and his concept of a good civil society. India has established a vibrant democracy, where good governance and administration of justice to the citizens are essential attributes. The primary institution on which the state relies for the maintenance of law and order is the police.Policing is an essential public service and it is the duty of every state to provide its people with the best police service possible. The society perceives police to be the custodians of law and order who provide safety and security to all. Thus police personnel have a vital role in a parliamentary democracy like India. The Police as an organized institution came into existence in India with the Police Act of 1861, which was the advent of the British. The police act was designed on the British model of colonial control, which was meant for its subjects and not for the free citizens of a democracy.Independence has changed the political system in India, but the police system is still governed by The Police Act of 1861. It is shocking to believe that, till now, no government, central or state, has taken the initiative to replace the Police Act of 1861 with new legislation, which would be in tune with requirements of democratic policing. Aristotle in his theory states that the purpose of any organization is to from good citizens and to cultivate good character.We must recognize that the police is one of the most vital social institutions needed to construct a democratic society in which human rights and freedoms a re respected and protected. He also stated that â€Å"the end and purpose of a polis is the good life, and the institutions of social life are means to that end†. 1 1 Who deserves what? , Michael sandel’s theory of justice. 3 A political community exists to promote a good life and this aim cannot be achieved without the support of an efficient social organization.So, the police service is a significant part of the socialization body and it seeks to enhance the democracy and the civility within the society. 4 The aim of the police force is to promote the welfare of society for which they must be equipped with the professional knowledge and the necessary powers for creating a social just environment for the citizens. Aristotle believes that it is possible to reason the purpose of social institutions. He reasons that the essential nature of the social institutions is not fixed once and for all.Policing is a dynamic process. It needs to be constantly reinvented in order to be effective. Civil society advocates for a variety of policy changes, new legislations all aimed towards public good. Law is needed both to help habituate citizens to virtuous actions and to help maintain the salutary habits they acquire. For Aristotle, the primary purpose of law is to cultivate the habits that lead to good character. â€Å"Legislators make the citizens good by forming habits in them, and this is the wish of every legislator, and those who do not effect it miss their ark, and it is in this that a good Constitution differs from a bad one†. 2 Presently, the police organisation is marked by aback of democratic functioning and adequate police direction. Police priorities are defined by, and changed according to, the will of the political executive. The manner is which political control has been exercised in India has led to gross abuses, resulting in the erosion of rule of law as well as political credibility. At present the laws governing the relationship betw een police and the political executive are not clear enough to prevent the blurring of boundaries.Over the course of time this lack of clarity has permitted all kinds of illegitimate interferences to seep into the police functioning and is one of the seminal causes for poor overall management of the police and the difficulty of fixing responsibility so as to achieve effective, unbiased and accountable performance. In a democracy, the police have to function as any other public service, which renders services to the community and not as â€Å"force†. Aristotle has also made a distinction between â€Å"rule of law† and â€Å"rule of force†.The rule of law is a democratic rule for the benefit of the entire population (all citizens, the public or the nation as such), whereas the rule of force is an authoritarian, perverted and corrupted form of rule for the advantage of the ruler. 3 In relation to the above context, the Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh has observe d, â€Å"Today, police forces have to serve the interests of the people, not rulers. In a democratic framework as we are in today, there is need to have in the police forces a managerial philosophy, a value system and an ethos in tune with the times.I had 2 3 Richard Kraut, Aristotle: political philosophy, Oxford University press, 2002. Aristotle (384-322 BC): The Polis. Hammondsworth, 1991, Penguin. 4 5 emphasized the need to ensure that the police forces at all levels change from a feudal force to a democratic service. The spirit of public service, of respect for the rights of individuals, of being just and humane in ones action must permeate the entire police force†. 4 The Supreme Court too, reiterated the need of enforcing the rule of law in the police system with its verdict of the 2006 judgment5.The Court ordered that police reform must take place. The states and union territories were directed to comply with seven binding directives viz. to Constitute a State Security Commission, selection and minimum tenure of DGP, minimum tenure of IG of police and other officers, separation of Investigation, Constituting a Police Establishment Board, to constitute a Police Complaints Authority and to set up a National Security Commission, that would kick start reform. These directives pulled together the various strands of improvement generated since 1979.The Court required immediate implementation of its orders either through executive orders or new police legislation. According to me, the judgment of the Supreme Court though came after a decade of the filing of petition; it served the dire necessity of the implementation of police reforms, which was never initiated by any of the state or the central government so far. According to Aristotelian’s theory of justice, every social practice or an institution is established for some purpose, end or aim. The aim of the police force as a social institution is to maintain law and order in a democratic society. If this purpose is not being achieved, the need for police reforms in keeping with the requirements of a modern, democratic state is self-evident. Aristotle has described his theory of justice as: Justice is teleological- defining rights requires us to figure out the telos (the purpose, end, or essential nature) of the social practice in question. Justice is honorific- to reason about the telos of a practice- or to argue about it- is, at least in part, to reason or argue about what virtues it should honor and reward. 6 In any country, administration of justice is one of the primary functions, which it seeks to promote.One of the ways through which this purpose could be achieved is to have a policing system, which is equipped with such adequate powers. Aristotle in his theory while discussing the concept of justice with regard to telos and honouring of virtues, stresses that you honour only those persons who help in achieving your purpose. 4 Prime Minister’s address to the Ann ual conference of DGPs / IGPs of States and UTs; October 6, 2005; New Delhi; retrieved from http://pmindia. nic. in/speech/content. asp? id=207 5 Prakash Singh and others v. Union of India and others, Writ Petition (civil) 310 of 1996. 6 Supra, note 1. As according to Aristotle only virtuous people are honored, to imbibe that virtue in the police force, it is necessary that they should have such powers where they can function efficiently and effectively thus, imparting goodness in the society. 6 Aristotle says that essential nature is attributed to the social institutions so that the purpose or the telos can be achieved. Here, the police being still governed under the 1861 act have not been given the required powers through which they can achieve the purpose of policing. The crux of the police reform is to secure professional independence for the police to unction truly and efficiently as an impartial agent of the law of the land and at the same time, to enable the government to ove rsee the police performance to ensure its conformity to law. The need of law enforcement is to maintain peace, enforce the laws of the land, protect the people from criminals, and to help ensure the safety of the citizens. The corruption in political system and political leaders has made the Indian police toothless; so far doing their duties is concerned. If the police have no powers, it cannot function to provide a safe and secure environment for its citizens.Coupled with undue political interference police functioning is plagued by the lack of policy directions and absence of any formal performance evaluation framework. The most glaring examples of illegitimate political interference affecting police work is evident in cases of communal riots and other disturbances. Public order is a critical necessity for progress. An unruly society would be a recipe for economic disaster. With the implementation of the police reforms the quality of life of the citizen, which is in great measure dependent upon the maintenance of public and police order will improve.Aristotle also states that â€Å"at his best man is the noblest of all animals, separated from law and justice he is the worst†. 7 Even after 6 years of the judgment have elapsed, no effective steps have been taken by a majority of states to incorporate the directives issued by the Supreme Court. None of the directions to professionalize the police force, to prevent arbitrary transfer of officers and introduction of transparency in the system have been implemented. The criminalization of Indian politics has eroded the authority of the police leadership and consequently the discipline of the force.Aristotle’s way of reasoning from the purpose of a good to the proper allocation of the good is an instance of teleological reasoning. Aristotle claims that in order to determine the just distribution of a good, we have to inquire into the telos, or purpose, of the good being distributed. The distribution o f good that Aristotle talks about, in my case is equivalent to the distribution of powers in a democratic society. If we look into the purpose of power being distributed it should be in the hands of those who would best utilise the power and help in the achievement of a purpose, which is the administration of justice. And 7 Supra, note 3. 7 since police is a medium achieving the justice, they should be given proper powers in order to achieve the telos. Aristotle had said, â€Å"It is in justice that ordering of society is centered. The justice system in many ways is the bedrock of a democratic society since it upholds the rule of law, which is the fundamental feature of a true democracy. Our laws have to be sensitive to the changes in social structure and social philosophy, a reflection of contemporary social consciousness and a mirror of our values as a civilization. Thus, non-accessibility of justice results in the erosion of rule of law as well as police credibility†. For Aristotle, justice means giving people what they deserve, giving each person his or her due. It involves two factors: â€Å"things, and the persons to whom things are assigned†. 9 As far as the implementation of the judgment is concerned, the court stressed the need for a buffer body between the police and the politicians, which will accord functional autonomy to the police even as they are supervised by the political executive. As a result the relationship between the police and politician will loose its present character of unfettered discretion and illegitimate interference.The non-seriousness in the approach of the state governments in abiding with the directives issued by the Supreme Court, destroy the very basis of a judicial mechanism. The purpose of the judgment was to provide a professional and a wellequipped police system, which can efficiently manage the democratic society. The lack of political will in implementing this reform is symptomatic of a larger malice in the system, whereby the politician is reluctant to let go off his control over the police and law enforcement agencies.The alacrity with which thousands of northeast Indians fled Maharashtra and Karnataka recently has once again underscored the complete lack of the faith of the common man in the law and order machinery. It is yet another reminder that more than anything else a multi cultural and multi ethnic society like India needs an a political, professional police force and an efficient judicial system that will serve the rule of law without fear or favour. It is absence of such a vital mechanism that is at the heart of the unchecked crimes, poor conviction rate and the general lack of faith in the law and order system that we see in India today.The police force is highly politicised and corrupt and more than anything else, it is the absence of strict enforcement of law and swift justice that is at the heart of the breakdown that we face today. Aristotle’s concept of a go od civil society where he talks about the law of the polis inculcating good habits and thus forming a good character sets us on the way to civic virtue. This virtue can be achieved with the implementation of the police reforms in the society. 8 9 Supra, note 3. Supra, note 1. 7 8 The quality of the justice system in the country, to a larger extent depends upon the working of a police force.Thus, having regard to larger public interest, it is absolutely necessary to issue the requisite directions. 8 Bibliography 9 ? Aristotle, Nicomachean ethics. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1962 ? Who deserves what? , from Michael Sandel’s Theory of Justice ? Morris, T. , (1998), If Aristotle ran General Motors: the new soul of business. New York: Henry Holt and Company, LLC. ? Richard Kraut, Aristotle: political philosophy, Oxford University press, 2002 ? Aristotle (384-322 BC): The Polis. Hammondsworth, 1991, Penguin 9 An Analysis of Police Reforms 1 COMPARATIVE JURISPRUDENCE PROJECT TOPIC:An analysis of police reforms, in light of Aristotle’s theory of justice SUBMITTED TO: PROF. AMITA DHANDA SUBMITTED BY: DEEPINDER BAL ROLL NO. – 11 LL. M I YEAR EMAIL- deepinder. [email  protected] ac. in 1 Abstract In 1996, two former Director Generals of Police requested the Supreme Court to direct the central and the state governments to adopt a set of measures to address the most glaring gaps and bad practices in the functioning of the police. 2Given the gravity of the problem and the total uncertainty as to when police reforms would be introduced, the Supreme Court, on 22nd September, 2006, delivered a historic judgment where it considered that it could not further wait for governments to take suitable steps for police reforms and issued 7 directives for immediate compliance which were binding upon central and state governments, until they frame appropriate legislations. The researcher would like to relate the topic with Aristotle's theory.Aristotle's vision of a good civil society and the teleological theory can be related to the purpose of introduction of the police reforms viz. the judgment and the purpose of the implementation of the judgment. 2 Topic- An analysis of police reforms (In light of the judgment, Prakash Singh & others v. Union of India and others on 22, Sept, 2006) 3 The Government of India appointed a National Police Commission in 1977 to examine the role and performance of the Indian police as a law-enforcing agency and as an institution to protect the rights of the citizens enshrined in the Constitution.The Commission submitted 8 reports in a span of 2 years, wherein it made various recommendations so as to redefine the role, duties, powers and responsibilities of the police. With the 8th report, it drafted a new Police Act incorporating certain essential recommendations, which were never implemented. In 1996, a petition was filed by 2 former Director Generals of Police, praying for the issue of directions to the Government of India to frame a new Police Act drafted by the Commission to ensure that the police is made accountable essentially and primarily to the law of the land and the people.As a part of my project research, I would like to examine the need of police reforms in India, the implications and implementation of the 2006 judgment of the Supreme Court (in response to the petition of 1996), in relation to the Aristotle’s theory of justice and his concept of a good civil society. India has established a vibrant democracy, where good governance and administration of justice to the citizens are essential attributes. The primary institution on which the state relies for the maintenance of law and order is the police.Policing is an essential public service and it is the duty of every state to provide its people with the best police service possible. The society perceives police to be the custodians of law and order who provide safety and security to all. Thus police personnel have a vital role in a parliamentary democracy like India. The Police as an organized institution came into existence in India with the Police Act of 1861, which was the advent of the British. The police act was designed on the British model of colonial control, which was meant for its subjects and not for the free citizens of a democracy.Independence has changed the political system in India, but the police system is still governed by The Police Act of 1861. It is shocking to believe that, till now, no government, central or state, has taken the initiative to replace the Police Act of 1861 with new legislation, which would be in tune with requirements of democratic policing. Aristotle in his theory states that the purpose of any organization is to from good citizens and to cultivate good character.We must recognize that the police is one of the most vital social institutions needed to construct a democratic society in which human rights and freedoms a re respected and protected. He also stated that â€Å"the end and purpose of a polis is the good life, and the institutions of social life are means to that end†. 1 1 Who deserves what? , Michael sandel’s theory of justice. 3 A political community exists to promote a good life and this aim cannot be achieved without the support of an efficient social organization.So, the police service is a significant part of the socialization body and it seeks to enhance the democracy and the civility within the society. 4 The aim of the police force is to promote the welfare of society for which they must be equipped with the professional knowledge and the necessary powers for creating a social just environment for the citizens. Aristotle believes that it is possible to reason the purpose of social institutions. He reasons that the essential nature of the social institutions is not fixed once and for all.Policing is a dynamic process. It needs to be constantly reinvented in order to be effective. Civil society advocates for a variety of policy changes, new legislations all aimed towards public good. Law is needed both to help habituate citizens to virtuous actions and to help maintain the salutary habits they acquire. For Aristotle, the primary purpose of law is to cultivate the habits that lead to good character. â€Å"Legislators make the citizens good by forming habits in them, and this is the wish of every legislator, and those who do not effect it miss their ark, and it is in this that a good Constitution differs from a bad one†. 2 Presently, the police organisation is marked by aback of democratic functioning and adequate police direction. Police priorities are defined by, and changed according to, the will of the political executive. The manner is which political control has been exercised in India has led to gross abuses, resulting in the erosion of rule of law as well as political credibility. At present the laws governing the relationship betw een police and the political executive are not clear enough to prevent the blurring of boundaries.Over the course of time this lack of clarity has permitted all kinds of illegitimate interferences to seep into the police functioning and is one of the seminal causes for poor overall management of the police and the difficulty of fixing responsibility so as to achieve effective, unbiased and accountable performance. In a democracy, the police have to function as any other public service, which renders services to the community and not as â€Å"force†. Aristotle has also made a distinction between â€Å"rule of law† and â€Å"rule of force†.The rule of law is a democratic rule for the benefit of the entire population (all citizens, the public or the nation as such), whereas the rule of force is an authoritarian, perverted and corrupted form of rule for the advantage of the ruler. 3 In relation to the above context, the Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh has observe d, â€Å"Today, police forces have to serve the interests of the people, not rulers. In a democratic framework as we are in today, there is need to have in the police forces a managerial philosophy, a value system and an ethos in tune with the times.I had 2 3 Richard Kraut, Aristotle: political philosophy, Oxford University press, 2002. Aristotle (384-322 BC): The Polis. Hammondsworth, 1991, Penguin. 4 5 emphasized the need to ensure that the police forces at all levels change from a feudal force to a democratic service. The spirit of public service, of respect for the rights of individuals, of being just and humane in ones action must permeate the entire police force†. 4 The Supreme Court too, reiterated the need of enforcing the rule of law in the police system with its verdict of the 2006 judgment5.The Court ordered that police reform must take place. The states and union territories were directed to comply with seven binding directives viz. to Constitute a State Security Commission, selection and minimum tenure of DGP, minimum tenure of IG of police and other officers, separation of Investigation, Constituting a Police Establishment Board, to constitute a Police Complaints Authority and to set up a National Security Commission, that would kick start reform. These directives pulled together the various strands of improvement generated since 1979.The Court required immediate implementation of its orders either through executive orders or new police legislation. According to me, the judgment of the Supreme Court though came after a decade of the filing of petition; it served the dire necessity of the implementation of police reforms, which was never initiated by any of the state or the central government so far. According to Aristotelian’s theory of justice, every social practice or an institution is established for some purpose, end or aim. The aim of the police force as a social institution is to maintain law and order in a democratic society. If this purpose is not being achieved, the need for police reforms in keeping with the requirements of a modern, democratic state is self-evident. Aristotle has described his theory of justice as: Justice is teleological- defining rights requires us to figure out the telos (the purpose, end, or essential nature) of the social practice in question. Justice is honorific- to reason about the telos of a practice- or to argue about it- is, at least in part, to reason or argue about what virtues it should honor and reward. 6 In any country, administration of justice is one of the primary functions, which it seeks to promote.One of the ways through which this purpose could be achieved is to have a policing system, which is equipped with such adequate powers. Aristotle in his theory while discussing the concept of justice with regard to telos and honouring of virtues, stresses that you honour only those persons who help in achieving your purpose. 4 Prime Minister’s address to the Ann ual conference of DGPs / IGPs of States and UTs; October 6, 2005; New Delhi; retrieved from http://pmindia. nic. in/speech/content. asp? id=207 5 Prakash Singh and others v. Union of India and others, Writ Petition (civil) 310 of 1996. 6 Supra, note 1. As according to Aristotle only virtuous people are honored, to imbibe that virtue in the police force, it is necessary that they should have such powers where they can function efficiently and effectively thus, imparting goodness in the society. 6 Aristotle says that essential nature is attributed to the social institutions so that the purpose or the telos can be achieved. Here, the police being still governed under the 1861 act have not been given the required powers through which they can achieve the purpose of policing. The crux of the police reform is to secure professional independence for the police to unction truly and efficiently as an impartial agent of the law of the land and at the same time, to enable the government to ove rsee the police performance to ensure its conformity to law. The need of law enforcement is to maintain peace, enforce the laws of the land, protect the people from criminals, and to help ensure the safety of the citizens. The corruption in political system and political leaders has made the Indian police toothless; so far doing their duties is concerned. If the police have no powers, it cannot function to provide a safe and secure environment for its citizens.Coupled with undue political interference police functioning is plagued by the lack of policy directions and absence of any formal performance evaluation framework. The most glaring examples of illegitimate political interference affecting police work is evident in cases of communal riots and other disturbances. Public order is a critical necessity for progress. An unruly society would be a recipe for economic disaster. With the implementation of the police reforms the quality of life of the citizen, which is in great measure dependent upon the maintenance of public and police order will improve.Aristotle also states that â€Å"at his best man is the noblest of all animals, separated from law and justice he is the worst†. 7 Even after 6 years of the judgment have elapsed, no effective steps have been taken by a majority of states to incorporate the directives issued by the Supreme Court. None of the directions to professionalize the police force, to prevent arbitrary transfer of officers and introduction of transparency in the system have been implemented. The criminalization of Indian politics has eroded the authority of the police leadership and consequently the discipline of the force.Aristotle’s way of reasoning from the purpose of a good to the proper allocation of the good is an instance of teleological reasoning. Aristotle claims that in order to determine the just distribution of a good, we have to inquire into the telos, or purpose, of the good being distributed. The distribution o f good that Aristotle talks about, in my case is equivalent to the distribution of powers in a democratic society. If we look into the purpose of power being distributed it should be in the hands of those who would best utilise the power and help in the achievement of a purpose, which is the administration of justice. And 7 Supra, note 3. 7 since police is a medium achieving the justice, they should be given proper powers in order to achieve the telos. Aristotle had said, â€Å"It is in justice that ordering of society is centered. The justice system in many ways is the bedrock of a democratic society since it upholds the rule of law, which is the fundamental feature of a true democracy. Our laws have to be sensitive to the changes in social structure and social philosophy, a reflection of contemporary social consciousness and a mirror of our values as a civilization. Thus, non-accessibility of justice results in the erosion of rule of law as well as police credibility†. For Aristotle, justice means giving people what they deserve, giving each person his or her due. It involves two factors: â€Å"things, and the persons to whom things are assigned†. 9 As far as the implementation of the judgment is concerned, the court stressed the need for a buffer body between the police and the politicians, which will accord functional autonomy to the police even as they are supervised by the political executive. As a result the relationship between the police and politician will loose its present character of unfettered discretion and illegitimate interference.The non-seriousness in the approach of the state governments in abiding with the directives issued by the Supreme Court, destroy the very basis of a judicial mechanism. The purpose of the judgment was to provide a professional and a wellequipped police system, which can efficiently manage the democratic society. The lack of political will in implementing this reform is symptomatic of a larger malice in the system, whereby the politician is reluctant to let go off his control over the police and law enforcement agencies.The alacrity with which thousands of northeast Indians fled Maharashtra and Karnataka recently has once again underscored the complete lack of the faith of the common man in the law and order machinery. It is yet another reminder that more than anything else a multi cultural and multi ethnic society like India needs an a political, professional police force and an efficient judicial system that will serve the rule of law without fear or favour. It is absence of such a vital mechanism that is at the heart of the unchecked crimes, poor conviction rate and the general lack of faith in the law and order system that we see in India today.The police force is highly politicised and corrupt and more than anything else, it is the absence of strict enforcement of law and swift justice that is at the heart of the breakdown that we face today. Aristotle’s concept of a go od civil society where he talks about the law of the polis inculcating good habits and thus forming a good character sets us on the way to civic virtue. This virtue can be achieved with the implementation of the police reforms in the society. 8 9 Supra, note 3. Supra, note 1. 7 8 The quality of the justice system in the country, to a larger extent depends upon the working of a police force.Thus, having regard to larger public interest, it is absolutely necessary to issue the requisite directions. 8 Bibliography 9 ? Aristotle, Nicomachean ethics. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1962 ? Who deserves what? , from Michael Sandel’s Theory of Justice ? Morris, T. , (1998), If Aristotle ran General Motors: the new soul of business. New York: Henry Holt and Company, LLC. ? Richard Kraut, Aristotle: political philosophy, Oxford University press, 2002 ? Aristotle (384-322 BC): The Polis. Hammondsworth, 1991, Penguin 9

Characteristics of a Filipino Citizen Essay

The Filipinos are friendly because we have a confidence with our talent. We Filipinos are saying greetings like â€Å"hi† or â€Å"hello† to other people. And I choose the negative trait Undisciplined because I agree with its trait. Why? Because when we say discipline it is doing what is right at the right time. The reason why they are saying we are friendly that is because we are happy. When we are happy, we are in a good mood so that they can approach us easily. Another reason why we are friendly, it is because we want many friends, not just friends but real friends. But choose the friends who are good influence to you. I choose this trait because I am also a friendly Filipino. I want to have many friends, so that when I’m in the midst of trouble I have many real friends to help me. In happiness, loneliness and depression. I choose Undisciplined as a negative trait. Although it is negative trait but there is no doubt about it. In this generation, we have many gadgets that distract us for doing what we should do in that time. Therefore we are making fun of the gadgets nowadays. Filipinos are friendly. The proof of this trait are In my first day of the school I don’t have any friends in personal, only in Facebook. I have a seatmate, we don’t approach each one. It’s like both of us are waiting to ask his name, few minutes I ask his name then he answered then we are now friends. We also asked the name of his seatmate. The following days, his friend and my friends are now friends. We have many friends. I think this trait comes only in our culture. It doesn’t come on other country. And we Filipinos are hospitable so that the other countries comment that we are friendly. Only in the Philippines who are hospitable. Filipinos are undisciplined. In our generation, we have many gadgets we have many entertainment things. We forgot our things that we should do. I experience this and also I am experiencing it nowadays. I have an assignment to do, then the television is on. There is a beautiful movies, then after that movie there is another beautiful movie. I that case, we have a tendency to waste the time for the assignment. Another example, we have an appointment. Then the meeting time is 9am sharp, you arrived there 10am. That is undisciplined Filipino. We are lazy, it came from the Spaniards. The instruction is to write in the notebook. Then you just take a picture or captured it. My point is that we have to realize. What are Filipinos like? Where we came from? Where did we get that attitude? How can be a creative in our countries. I imagine if we colonize other country, we share our traits to them. I realized that our other attitude came from different country. In our country, we have a originality. Like being polite to elders. By saying â€Å"po† and â€Å"opo†. You say â€Å"opo† and â€Å"po† in your parents, grandma, grandpa, tito, tita, elder brother, elder sister, strangers. By being hospitable, when we have visitors we quickly assist them, by giving food, merianda. We pretend to be happy, even if we have major problems. Like when there is a disaster, we are always happy. All I can say is we Filipinos are unique race. We are different in other country. We have a unique sense of humor only in the Philippines. Filipinos over the years have proven time and time again that they are a people with an industrious attitude. This is seen by others as Filipinos being only useful as domestic helpers, working abroad to help their families in the country. Like the farmers in our country, they use there own power. Unlike in other country they us machines to make some â€Å"palay†. Even with little support, technological weaknesses and the country’s seasonal typhoons, the Filipino farmer still work hard to earn their daily meal. We, Filipinos are also religious in our beliefs particularly in Catholicism and Islam. Families would strengthen and encourage their children to attend only once a week in the mass at the same time we have a family bonding and strengthen out relationship in each member of the family. And lastly Filipinos are honest in there doings. In general, they would prefer to work hard for an honest day’s pay than to find an easier way like stealing or cheating.

The Paradox of Political Contenders essays

The Paradox of Political Contenders essays As November approaches each year, political parties begin to intensify their campaigning. Some candidates have been making campaign efforts for years prior to an election, some, it would seem, a lifetime. All political parties urge their constituents to get out there and vote on election day, yet it appears these parties select candidates who really aren't the most desirable prospects to begin with, disheartening some of the most loyal party affiliates, and driving them away from the polls. There are three possible answers to this troubling paradox. The first scenario is one that is the simplest; there simply are no truly attractive candidates out there. It is absolutely possible that the role of politician only attracts a certain "type" of people, and that they are not the most desirable of the human race. Politics is a dirty business where deals are made, and promises are broken, the more upstanding citizens may simply not wish to sully themselves with this type of sordid business. Add to this the human nature factor, and that no one has a sparkly clean past or future, and it could easily be the reason why quality candidates The second scenario may be the most likely that those chosen by their respective parties to run are not the best, but the most influential and the most powerful. Campaigns cost a lot of money, even small town political campaigns can be more than the average person can afford. An influential businessperson may also have better contacts that are more able to donate money to offset campaigning costs. In the end, the best person for a political position may simply not have the means and the contacts to get elected, whereas those with more resources are more likely to win an The third scenario is the least likely of the three and involves a conspiracy of the major political parties. In this third and quite ...

An Unexpected Question About You

An Unexpected Question About You An Unexpected Question About You An Unexpected Question About You By Maeve Maddox A reader has been having a discussion with a friend about which of the following is the right grammar You was..or You were†¦ The fact that this question can be the subject of discussion in an age of free public education suggests either that basic standard grammar is not being taught effectively in the schools, or that pronouns are going to continue to go their own way as they have always done. Add the bombardment of ungrammatical popular culture to the current of normal linguistic change, and grammatical certainties as apparently fundamental as you were are called into question. Take, for example, these lyrics from a song sung by Dean Martin and Peggy Lee: (PL) If you were to ask me who the sweetest one I knew was Id say you was (DM) If you were to ask me who my favorite point of view was Id say you was Any construction, heard often enough, is going to begin to sound right to the speakers who hear it. In the case of you, the situation is muddied by the fact that the pronoun you is used with either a singular or a plural antecedent. You began as a plural pronoun. Its singular counterpart was thou. For social and historical reasons the form thou dropped out of English with the result that plural you now does the work of singular thou. Its not illogical to want to put a singular verb with a subject that stands for one person. In the case of you, however, its ungrammatical in standard English. To answer the readers question: You were is the correct standard form. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Good At, Good In, and Good With60 Synonyms for â€Å"Trip†How to Punctuate Introductory Phrases

European Law - Free Movement of Goods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

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